Da circum-navegação da Vital de Oliveira às novas tabelas de rações: alimentação e saúde a bordo dos navios da Marinha Imperial Brasileira, 1879-1886 / From the circumnavigation of the Vital de Oliveira to the new ration tables: nutrition and health on Brazilian Imperial Navy vessels, 1879-1886

Resumo Entre 1879 e 1881 a corveta Vital de Oliveira realizou a primeira viagem de circum-navegação da Marinha Brasileira. Um dos itens que ocuparam as preocupações do comandante do navio, Júlio de Noronha, em seu relatório da viagem foi a alimentação; preocupação reforçada no relatório médico da expedição redigido pelo primeiro-cirurgião Galdino Magalhães. Essa preocupação ganhou destaque devido ao elevado saldo de enfermos e mortos durante a viagem, para o que teria contribuído a carência de determinados gêneros alimentícios, de acordo com ambos os relatórios. O artigo discute a relação entre a alimentação e a saúde das tripulações. Além disso, trata da relação entre a viagem da Vital e a implementação de uma nova tabela de rações efetivada em 1886.

Abstract The corvette Vital de Oliveira was the first Brazilian Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world, from 1879 to 1881. One of the items that concerned its captain, Júlio de Noronha, in his trip report was the food supply, which was further reinforced in the medical report for the expedition written by the head surgeon, Galdino Magalhães. This concern was notable due to the high numbers of sailors who sickened and died during the trip, which according to both reports may have been caused by shortages of certain foods. This article discusses the relationship between food and health in the crew, as well as the relationship between this journey and the implementation of a new ration table that took effect in 1886.

Inimigas da pátria: Propostas educativas para a guerra contra as doenças venéreas na Marinha do Brasil nas décadas de 1920 e 1930 / Homeland enemies: Educational proposals for the war against venereal diseases in the Brazilian Navy in the 1920s and 1930s / Enemigas de la patria: Propuestas educativas para la guerra contra las enfermedades venéreas en la Marina de Brasil en las décadas de 1920 y 1930

Resumo Este artigo oferece reflexões preliminares acerca de propostas educativas voltadas ao combate das doenças venéreas na Marinha de Guerra divulgadas em duas obras de médicos militares nas décadas de 1920 e 1930 no Brasil: Doenças no Mundo (1923), de autoria do médico e capitão-de-corveta João Pires Porto-Carrero, e Moléstias Venéreas na Marinha brasileira (1933), escrito pelo médico e capitão-de-mar-e-guerra Artur do Valle Lins. Para tanto, a análise desdobrou-se em dois aspectos centrais: os debates nacionais acerca das doenças venéreas como empecilhos à construção da nação brasileira, e a presença destes nas propostas educativas divulgadas nos livros produzidos por médicos militares que tematizaram o combate às doenças venéreas na Força Naval brasileira. Por meio da análise dessas publicações pôde-se perceber uma íntima relação entre eugenia, sanitarismo e a luta contra tais doenças em meio a um projeto de construção da nação brasileira, algo que não esteve presente somente nas propostas educativas do exército, mas perpassou os debates nacionais da área médica.

Abstract This article offers preliminary reflections about educational proposals aimed at the combat of venereal diseases in the Navy, disseminated in two works by military doctors in the 1920s and 1930s in Brazil: Diseases in the World (1923), by the doctor and Captain-of-Corvette João Pires Porto-Carrero, and Venereal Diseases in the Brazilian Navy (1933), written by the doctor and Captain-of-Sea-and-War Artur do Valle Lins. The analysis focuses on two central aspects: the national debates about venereal diseases as obstacles to the construction of a Brazilian nation, and their presence in educational proposals presented in books produced by military doctors about the fight against venereal diseases in the Brazilian Naval Force. Through the analysis of these publications, it was possible to notice an intimate relationship between eugenics, sanitarism and the fight against such diseases in the context of a construction project in the Brazilian nation, something that was present not only in the educational army proposals, but has also permeated national debates in the medical field.

Resumen Este artículo presenta reflexiones preliminares acerca de propuestas educativas dirigidas al combate de las enfermedades venéreas en la Marina de Guerra divulgadas en Brasil en dos obras de médicos militares, en las décadas de 1920 y 1930: Enfermedades en el Mundo (1923), de autoría del médico y Capitán-de-Corveta João Pires Porto-Carrero, y Molestias Venéreas en la Marina brasileña (1933), escrito por el médico y Capitán-de-Mar-y-Guerra Artur do Valle Lins. Con ese propósito, el análisis focalizó en dos aspectos centrales: los debates nacionales sobre las enfermedades venéreas como impedimentos a la construcción de la nación brasileña, y la presencia de éstas en las propuestas educativas divulgadas en los libros producidos por médicos militares, que tematizaron el combate a las enfermedades venéreas en la Fuerza Naval del Brasil. Fue identificada una íntima relación entre eugenia, sanitarismo y la lucha contra tales enfermedades en el contexto de un proyecto de construcción de nación, algo que no solo estuvo presente en las propuestas educativas del ejército, sino que traspasó los debates nacionales del área médica.

Enlightenment for surgeon training in Chinese navy warship troops from independent duty corpsman in U.S. Navy / 第二军医大学学报

Independent duty corpsmans (IDCs) are mainly responsible for the primary health care service of United States Navy. United States Navy has established a set of strict system and accumulated rich practical experience in the selection and training of IDCs. The training modes and methods of IDCs can provide an important reference for the training of medical officers in Chinese navy warship troops. In this paper, we introduced the training modes of IDCs, and analyzed the problems and countermeasures of the training of medical officers in our navy warship troops in terms of talent cultivation, education and training system, curriculum reform, and teaching techniques by combining the actual situation of our navy.

Investigation of sleep quality and life quality of soldiers in a navy warship troop / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the sleep quality and life quality of soldiers in a navy warship troop, and to explore the correlation between sleep quality and life quality and their influencing factors. Methods Random cluster sampling method was used to select navy soldiers from a navy warship troop. The subjects were surveyed by Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scale and World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief scale (WHOQOL-BREF). Results A total of 160 questionnaires were sent out and 154 valid questionnaires were returned (response rate 94.6%). Of 154 subjects, 31.8% (49/154) had good sleep quality, 53.2% (82/154) had moderate sleep quality, and 14.9% (23/154) had poor sleep quality. The soldiers with good sleep quality had significantly higher scores than those with poor sleep quality in physical, psychological, social and environmental domains of life quality (P0.05 or P0.01). Total PSQI score and most of scores of 7 parts of life quality, including subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep time, sleep disturbances, hypnotic drugs, daytime dysfunction and sleep efficiency, were negatively correlated with the scores of 4 domains of sleep quality. There was significant difference in sleep latency of the subjects with the educational level of junior high school, senior high or polytechnic school, junior college, undergraduate college, or graduate degrees (F＝5.368, P0.01), and the subjects with junior college degree had the highest score of sleep latency, while those with undergraduate college degree had the lowest score of sleep latency. Soldiers had a higher score of sleep latency than the officers (t＝2.069, P＝0.040). There was significant difference in the social domain scores of life quality between navy servicemen with military service time 8 years, 3-8 years and ≤2 years (F＝3.401, P＝0.036). Officers had a higher score of social domain than soldiers (t＝－2.093, P＝0.038). Conclusion The sleep quality of navy servicemen should be improved. Improving sleep quality can effectively ameliorate life quality. The sleep quality and life quality of navy servicemen are related to educational levels, work categories and military service time. The corresponding psychological and behavioral intervention should be carried out according to the characteristics of different personnels.

Sleep quality, fatigue and mental health status of students during first long distance voyage of Qi Ji-guang Warship / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the physiological and psychological status of students during the first long distance voyage of Qi Ji-guang Warship and to explore their correlation. Methods From Sep. 17 to Dec. 7, 2017, Qi Ji-guang Warship was on the first long distance voyage mission. On the 60th day during the voyage, the questionnaire survey was conducted on the students aboard Qi Ji-guang Warship. In all, 150 questionnaires were distributed randomly to respondents. The general information of the students was included in the questionnaire, and the physiological status and psychological status were assessed using Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scale, Epworth sleeping scale (ESS), fatigue severity scale (FSS), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS). Results A total of 138 valid questionnaires were returned (response rate 92.0%). Forty-two first voyage students (30.4%) complained of health problems. The proportions of the students with poor sleep quality, moderate or excessive daytime sleepiness, high fatigue levels, anxiety and depression were 11.6% (16/138), 45.7% (63/138), 40.6% (56/138), 18.1% (25/138) and 21.0% (29/138), respectively. The PSQI, ESS and FSS scores of the students with anxiety were significantly higher than those of the students without anxiety (8.40±2.93 vs 6.34±3.10, 11.12±5.03 vs 8.70±4.53 and 38.84±12.41 vs 31.55±11.20, all P<0.05). The SAS score was positively correlated with PSQI, ESS and FSS scores (r=0.301, 0.242 and 0.274, all P<0.01). SDS score was positively correlated with PSQI and FSS scores (r=0.256 and 0.209, both P<0.05). Conclusion During long distance voyage, the students aboard have probabilities of poor sleep quality, sleepiness, fatigue, anxiety or depression. Mental status (anxiety and depression) is closely related to physiological status (sleep quality, sleepiness and fatigue), and exerts certain effect on physiological status. Psychological behavior training should be carried out to improve the tolerance, work efficiency and combat ability of students.

Relationship between resilience, cognitive emotion regulation strategies and fatigue reaction of navy soldiers / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the relationship between resilience, cognitive emotion regulation strategies and fatigue reaction of navy soldiers. Methods A total of 846 soldiers were selected froma navy troop by convenience sampling method, and were tested by cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire-Chinese version (CERQ-C), Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) andmultidimensional fatigue inventory scale (MFI-20). SPSS 21.0 software were used to analyze the relationship between the variables. Results Non-adaptive emotion regulation strategy was positively correlatedwith fatigue reaction in the soldiers (P<0.01), and the three dimensions of resilience werenegatively correlated with fatigue reaction in the soldiers (P<0.01). Both resilience and cognitive emotion regulation strategies could independently explain the variance of fatigue reaction of the soldiers, in which self-improvement (β=-0.206, P < 0.05) and adaptive strategies (β=-0.229, P<0.01) had significant negative predictive effects on fatigue reaction of soldiers, while non-adaptive strategies (β=-0.406, P<0.01) had significant positive predictive effectson fatigue reaction. The mediating effective value of resilience on adaptive strategies and fatigue reaction of soldiers was 0.53 X (-0.36)=-0.19, z=7.02, and on non-adaptive strategies and fatigue reaction of soldiers was (-0.30)X(-0.36)=0.108, z=5.12. Conclusion Cognitive emotion regulation strategieshas direct effect on fatigue reaction of navy soldiers, and it also has indirect influence on the fatigue reaction through the mediating effect of resilience.

Biochemical indices of red blood cells in additive solution leukocytes reduced preserved in navy ship force during a long voyage / 军事医学

Objective To explore the influence on and changes in the biochemical indices of red blood cells(RBCs)in additive solution leukocytes reduced preserved in navy ship force on a long voyage.Methods According to the Requirement of Health Examination for Blood Donors(GB 18467 -2011),RBCs in additive solution leukocytes reduced were prepared from 10 healthy voluntary blood donators one day before sailing.Each blood sample was divided into two parts,one in test group and another in control group.All the groups had samples taken for the biochemical index detection after 1,3,5,7,14 and 21 days of sailing respectively.Results ①The change in total protein(P=0.235)and albumin (P=0.119)concentration was not obvious,and the difference between the two groups was not significant.②The change in total creatinine(P=0.001)and uric acid(P=0.001)concentration was obvious, but the difference between the two groups was not significant.③The change in total cholesterol(P=0.354)concentration was not obvious,but the change in triglycerides(P=0.005)concentration was significant.The difference between the two groups was not significant.④The concentration of lactate dehydrogenase, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase increased with the time of preservation(P<0.001).The difference between the two groups was not significant.⑤The interaction between grouping effect and time effect had no significant influence on the concentration of osmolarity(OSM)(P=0.968)and glucose(Glu) (P=0.406).Between the two groups,the difference of concentrations of OSM(P=0.569)and Glu(P=0.115)was not significant.Conclusion Under the 4 class sea conditions, a long voyage has some impact on the storage of RBCs in additive solution leukocytes reduced,as in the conventional blood storage refrigerator(4 ±2)℃.The results of this study have important clinical implications for our further study of marine blood support.

Validación del test de 6 minutos de carrera como predictor del consumo máximo de oxígeno en el personal naval / Validation of the 6-minute race test as a predictor of maximum oxygen consumption in naval personnel

Introducción: las altas demandas físicas requeridas para el desarrollo de las tareas propias del personal naval, exige un alto desarrollo del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max) en dicha población. Encontrar pruebas que midan el VO2max en el personal naval de forma confiable y válida, además de que sean de fácil aplicación y con poca infraestructura es una labor pendiente. Objetivo: validar el test de 6 minutos de carrera (t-6 min) en el personal naval. Métodos: estudio correlacional, con una muestra de 224 cadetes de la Escuela Naval pertenecientes a la Armada de Chile. Las variables medidas fueron: VO 2max y distancia evaluada a través del t-6 min y el test de 12 minutos (t-12 min). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó una correlación de Pearson y la técnica Bland-Altman. En el análisis Post hoc se utilizó la prueba t de Student, mientras el tamaño del efecto (TE) fue calculado con una d de Cohen. Resultados: la correlación del VO2max estimado entre el t-6 min y el t-12 min fue de 0,60. El análisis Post hoc mostró diferencias significativas en el VO2max estimado de ambas pruebas de campo (p < 0,0001; TE = 1,016). En el análisis de Bland-Altman se observó la relación entre los valores medios y las diferencias del VO2max estimado entre el t-12 min y el t-6 min, estuvieron en torno a -3,03. Conclusión: los resultados del estudio mostraron una correlación buena entre el t-6 min y el t-12 min. Por tal razón, el t-6 min es una prueba válida para ser aplicada en el personal naval(AU)

Introduction: The high physical demands that Navy personnel face in order to perform their day-to-day tasks entail a high development in peak oxygen uptake (VO 2max). Therefore, finding tests to measure VO2max in Navy personnel in a reliable and valid fashion requiring minor infrastructure and are easily performed is a pending matter. Objective: To validate a 6- minute run test (6WRT) in Navy personnel. Methods: correlational study, while the sample were 224 cadets of the Chilean Navy School. The variables to be measured were: VO2max and distance measured through a 6WRT and 12- minute test (12- min test). The statistical analysis was performed through the Pearson correlation test and the Bland-Altman technique. The post hoc analysis was performed with Student's t test and the size of the effect (SE) was measured using Cohen's d test. Results: The connection of the estimated VO2max between 6WRT and 12- min test was 0.06. The Post hoc analysis showed a significant difference between the estimated VO2max of both field tests (p < 0.0001; SE = 1.016). The Bland-Altman analysis evidenced a relation between media values and the differences of VO2max between 12- min test and 6WRT were approximately -3.03. Conclusion: The results of the study showed a positive connection between 6WRT test and 12- min test. Consequently, 6WRT test is a valid test to be applied in Navy personnel(AU)

Aeromedical research in the U.S.navy / 军事医学

Objective To analyze the statusquo of the United States Naval Aeromedical Research Development in order to explore the medical context for the development of the U .S.naval aviation .Methods The literatures published by NAMRL between 1975 and 2010 were collected and analyzed using TDA software .Results and Conclusion Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory ( NAMRL ) research was fruitful, the quantity of annual research output was irregular, per capita author posting was not high ,and coauthor size was small .Posting information was oriented to internal and main scientific and technological journals while research focused on the aviation selection , physiological effects , cognition, visual function, physical training and standards , and other areas of radiation protection .Aviation medicine had distinct features.The results are of referential value for keeping track of the U .S.Navy aviation medicine.

Design of exercise quantity monitoring and recording device for navy serviceman / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To develop a portable device to monitor and record the exercise quantity of navy serviceman. The device was composed of control components, a oscillator clock, buttons, 3D acceleration sensor and a organic light-emitting diode (OLED) screen. The monitoring involved in two modes of exclusive use and use combined with exercise apparatus.Methods The device could be connected with PC for data transmission through USB interface. Results Trials proved that the device met the desired requirements and could be used for the data acquisition and monitoring of the exercise quantity of the serviceman.ConclusionThe device can record and evaluate the physical fitness training of navy serviceman.

Survey of the nocuité of the contraptions and techniques of artisanal fishing on the populations of navy turtles of the bay of Loango (Congo).

Chelonia marine turtle species preservation is one of the international community challenges through the world. In Congo-Brazzaville, the Renatura organization (ONG) is engage to the biodiversity marine turtle species protection. Among the five of seven marine turtle species encountered in the coast, Turtle lute (Dermochelys coriacea); Green turtle (Chelonia mydas); Olive turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea); Turtle caouanne (Caretta caretta) and Turtle overlapped (Eretmochelys imbricata). All these species of navy turtles well that protected by different international conventions, undergo several threats among which the nets and contraptions of traditional fishing constitute one of the main reasons of their decline. Indeed the accidental captures in the nets of the traditional fishers represent a serious threat for the navy turtles. This problem is delicate to manage because these holds don't depend directly on the will of the fishers. Indeed the turtles take themselves inauspiciously in the nets and entangle themselves of it while trying to clear itself/themselves of the net. To remedy this situation, Renatura Congo has, in 2005, initiated a program of liberation of the accidental captures of navy turtles in the nets of traditional fishing. About 1500 liberations are done annually by the agents of Renatura Congo. The liberation of these turtles doesn't constitute a long-term solution. Also, before the size of their accidental captures, it appeared to us necessary to bring our contribution in the survey of the nocuité of the contraptions and techniques of traditional fishing used to the bay of Loango in order to meter in evidence those that are more harmful. Such an objective reaches once, will allow us to improve these contraptions and techniques in order to reduce the risks of accidental captures while maintaining the level of the holds of fish and other aquatic organisms.

Sarjeev's supernumerary tooth notation system: A universally compatible add-on to the Two-Digit system.

Aim: To give notation for quadrants, tooth position, and the type of supernumerary teeth for both permanent and deciduous dentition. Tooth numbering provides dentists with an essential shortcut in clinical record keeping. Materials and Methods: Three systems are favored worldwide: the Zsigmondy/Palmer system, the Universal system, and the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) Two-Digit system. Histories of all tooth-numbering methods were traced and the strengths and deficiencies of each system were reviewed. The FDI Two-Digit system is widely used throughout the world, except USA, and is the only method that makes the visual sense, cognitive sense, and computer sense. Conclusion: On review it was noticed that all tooth notation systems in vogue have a drawback as they do not provide any information or notations for supernumerary teeth such as paramolar, distomolar, mesiodens, and fused teeth.

Corpo, saúde e alimentação na Marinha de Guerra brasileira no período pós-abolição, 1890-1910 / Body, health and nutrition in the Brazilian Navy in the post-abolition period, 1890-1910

A partir dos relatórios dos ministros da Marinha e da correspondência dos oficiais, analisa as relações de trabalho no cotidiano, bem como a alimentação e a saúde dos marujos nos primeiros vinte anos após a abolição. A questão racial emerge relacionada à modernização das práticas alimentares e de tratamento, e às novas formas de entender os corpos dos marinheiros. Ao concentrar a análise nos anos que antecedem a importante revolta de praças de 1910, demonstra-se, por meio do que pensavam e registravam os oficiais, de que modo a passagem da escravidão para um novo sistema em escala nacional corresponde, no âmbito da Armada brasileira, à chegada de novas ideias sobre saúde que deveriam ser aplicadas na busca do progresso.

Based on reports of the ministers of the Navy and the correspondence among officers, this paper analyzes labor relations in daily life, as well as the nutrition and health of sailors in the first twenty years after abolition. The racial question arises related to the modernization of nutrition practices and treatment, and new ways of understanding the bodies of sailors. By focusing the analysis on the years before the major 1910 mariners' revolt, judging from reports and records of the officers it is seen how the transition from slavery to a new system on a national scale within the Brazilian Navy corresponds with the arrival of new ideas about health to be applied in the path towards progress.

Estudo da incapacidade definitiva para o serviço na Marinha do Brasil: contribuição da enfermagem / Study of the permanent disability for service in the Brazilian Navy: nursing contribution

Trata-se de um estudo que teve como objeto as incapacidades definitivas para o serviço na Marinha do Brasil com o seguinte problema de pesquisa: quais as causas das incapacidades definitivas para o serviço na Marinha do Brasil, no 1° Distrito, nos períodos de cinco e dez anos de vigência do Programa de Atenção às Doenças Profissionais (PADP)? Considerando o interesse na temática e a especificidade do objeto de estudo selecionou-se como objetivo geral: discutir as incapacidades definitivas para o serviço na Marinha do Brasil, no período de cinco e dez anos após a implantação do PADP no 1° Distrito. E, como objetivos específicos: analisar o perfil dos militares considerados incapacitados para o serviço, na área do 1° Distrito da Marinha do Brasil, no ano de 2005 e no ano de 2010; identificar as incapacidades definitivas para o serviço na Marinha do Brasil no ano de 2005 e 2010 ocorridas no 1° Distrito e; propor adequações ao PADP baseadas no resultado deste estudo. Baseou-se no modelo de pesquisa não experimental, retrospectivo e documental. Foi utilizada como técnica de trabalho a abordagem quantitativa e descritiva, através de um estudo documental dos registros de incapacidades definitivas para o serviço ocorridas no 1° Distrito da Marinha do Brasil no ano de 2005 e no ano de 2010, respectivamente 05 e 10 anos após a implantação do PADP. O local do estudo foi o Centro de Perícias Médicas da Marinha (CPMM), estrutura organizacional central do Subsistema Médico Pericial, situado no Complexo do Hospital Central da Marinha. Os dados foram coletados durante os meses de julho e agosto do ano de 2011, no Sistema Informatizado Naval de Inspeções de Saúde (SINAIS), não sendo realizado qualquer contato com os militares considerados incapacitados para o serviço, que fizeram parte deste estudo...

The main goal of this dissertation is to study the permanent disability for service in the Brazilian Navy, with the following research problem: what are the causes of permanent disability for active service in the Brazilian Navy, 1st District, 5 and 10 years after the implementation of the Occupational Diseases Attention Program? Considering the interest on the theme and the specificity of the object of study, the main goal is: to discuss the permanent disabilities for service on the Navy of Brazil, five and ten years after the implementation of the Health Program in the 1st the District, with the following objectives: to analize the profile of the military considered disabled for service, on the Brazilian navy, 1st district on the years of 2005 and 2010; identify the permanent disabilities for active service in the Brazilian Navy in 2005 and 2010 occurred in the 1st District, to propose adjustments to the program based on the results of this study. It was based in a documental and non-experimental research model. The technique used was the quantitative and descriptive approach, developed through the documental study of the incapacity for service registers, on the Brazilian Navy, 1st District in the years of 2005 and 2010. The study site was the center of the Centro de Perícias Médicas da Marinha (CPMM), main organizational structure of Medical Pericial Subsystem, located in the Central Hospital of the Navy. Data were collected during the months of July and August of 2011, the Naval Computerized Health Inspection (SINAIS), not being made any contact with the military considered unfit for service...